PART 4 · THE MADINAN PERIOD · الْعَهْدُ الْمَدَنِيُّ
STAGE 3 · TRUCE AND VICTORY
صُلْحُ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ
Chapter 23: The Treaty of Ḥudaybiyah
A journey for ‘Umrah, a hard agreement — and a “clear victory”
Sheikh Mohamed Fawzyالشيخ محمد فوزي
© 2026 Sheikh Mohamed Fawzy. All rights reserved. Version 1.7
Dhū al-Qa‘dah, 6 AH الْخُرُوجُ لِلْعُمْرَةِ
Going to visit the House of Allah
For ‘Umrah, not for war
The Prophet ﷺ set out with about 1,400 Companions, in the clothes of iḥrām, driving camels to sacrifice at Makkah — carrying only travellers’ swords in their sheaths.
Ar-Raḥīq al-Makhtūm: they left Madinah on Monday, 1 Dhū al-Qa‘dah, 6 AH (March 628 CE). The number 1,400 is in al-Bukhari 4154; another report gives 1,500.
The road بَرَكَتِ الْقَصْوَاءُ
“The One who held back the Elephant has held her back”
عَنِ الْمِسْوَرِ وَمَرْوَانَ: ... وَسَارَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ بِالثَّنِيَّةِ الَّتِي يُهْبَطُ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْهَا، بَرَكَتْ بِهِ رَاحِلَتُهُ. فَقَالَ النَّاسُ حَلْ حَلْ. فَأَلَحَّتْ، فَقَالُوا خَلَأَتِ الْقَصْوَاءُ، خَلَأَتِ الْقَصْوَاءُ. فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «مَا خَلَأَتِ الْقَصْوَاءُ، وَمَا ذَاكَ لَهَا بِخُلُقٍ، وَلَكِنْ حَبَسَهَا حَابِسُ الْفِيلِ». ثُمَّ قَالَ «وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَا يَسْأَلُونِي خُطَّةً يُعَظِّمُونَ فِيهَا حُرُمَاتِ اللَّهِ إِلَّا أَعْطَيْتُهُمْ إِيَّاهَا» ...
al-Miswar and Marwān said: “…The Prophet ﷺ travelled on until, at the mountain pass that leads down to them [to Makkah], his camel knelt down with him. The people said: ‘Ḥal, ḥal!’ [to make her rise], but she would not move. They said: ‘al-Qaṣwā’ has become stubborn! al-Qaṣwā’ has become stubborn!’ The Prophet ﷺ said: ‘al-Qaṣwā’ has not become stubborn — that is not her nature — but the One who held back the Elephant has held her back.’ Then he said: ‘By the One in whose hand my soul is, they will not ask me for any plan in which they honour the sacred things of Allah, except that I will give it to them.’”
Sahih al-Bukhari 2731Sahih
He was ready to accept any plan that honours the sacred things of Allah — even a hard one.
The message جِئْنَا مُعْتَمِرِينَ
“We have not come to fight anyone”
عَنِ الْمِسْوَرِ وَمَرْوَانَ: ... فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «إِنَّا لَمْ نَجِئْ لِقِتَالِ أَحَدٍ، وَلَكِنَّا جِئْنَا مُعْتَمِرِينَ، وَإِنَّ قُرَيْشًا قَدْ نَهِكَتْهُمُ الْحَرْبُ، وَأَضَرَّتْ بِهِمْ، فَإِنْ شَاءُوا مَادَدْتُهُمْ مُدَّةً، وَيُخَلُّوا بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَ النَّاسِ، فَإِنْ أَظْهَرْ فَإِنْ شَاءُوا أَنْ يَدْخُلُوا فِيمَا دَخَلَ فِيهِ النَّاسُ فَعَلُوا، وَإِلَّا فَقَدْ جَمُّوا، وَإِنْ هُمْ أَبَوْا فَوَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ، لَأُقَاتِلَنَّهُمْ عَلَى أَمْرِي هَذَا حَتَّى تَنْفَرِدَ سَالِفَتِي، وَلَيُنْفِذَنَّ اللَّهُ أَمْرَهُ» ...
…The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said [to Budayl ibn Warqā’, who brought him news of Quraysh]: ‘We have not come to fight anyone; we have come to perform ‘Umrah. War has worn Quraysh out and harmed them. If they wish, I will make a truce with them for a period, and they will leave me free with the rest of the people. Then, if I win [over the people], they may enter what the people have entered if they wish; if not, they will have rested. But if they refuse — by the One in whose hand my soul is — I will fight them for this cause of mine until my neck is cut off [until I die], and Allah will surely carry out His command.’
Sahih al-Bukhari 2731Sahih
The envoys رُسُلُ قُرَيْشٍ
“I have never seen a king honoured like this”
Quraysh sent envoys to talk. One of them, ‘Urwah ibn Mas‘ūd, watched the Companions closely, then went back and told Quraysh:
عَنِ الْمِسْوَرِ وَمَرْوَانَ: ... فَرَجَعَ عُرْوَةُ إِلَى أَصْحَابِهِ، فَقَالَ أَيْ قَوْمِ، وَاللَّهِ لَقَدْ وَفَدْتُ عَلَى الْمُلُوكِ، وَوَفَدْتُ عَلَى قَيْصَرَ وَكِسْرَى وَالنَّجَاشِيِّ وَاللَّهِ إِنْ رَأَيْتُ مَلِكًا قَطُّ، يُعَظِّمُهُ أَصْحَابُهُ مَا يُعَظِّمُ أَصْحَابُ مُحَمَّدٍ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مُحَمَّدًا، ... وَإِذَا أَمَرَهُمُ ابْتَدَرُوا أَمْرَهُ وَإِذَا تَوَضَّأَ كَادُوا يَقْتَتِلُونَ عَلَى وَضُوئِهِ، وَإِذَا تَكَلَّمَ خَفَضُوا أَصْوَاتَهُمْ عِنْدَهُ، وَمَا يُحِدُّونَ إِلَيْهِ النَّظَرَ تَعْظِيمًا لَهُ، وَإِنَّهُ قَدْ عَرَضَ عَلَيْكُمْ خُطَّةَ رُشْدٍ، فَاقْبَلُوهَا ...
…‘Urwah [ibn Mas‘ūd, the envoy of Quraysh] went back to his companions and said: ‘O my people! By Allah, I have gone as an envoy to kings — I have gone to Caesar, Chosroes and the Negus — and by Allah, I have never seen a king whose companions honour him as the companions of Muḥammad ﷺ honour Muḥammad. … When he gave them an order, they rushed to carry it out. When he made wuḍū’, they almost fought over the water of his wuḍū’. When he spoke, they lowered their voices in his presence, and they did not stare at him, out of respect for him. He has offered you a sensible plan, so accept it.’
Sahih al-Bukhari 2731Sahih
Bay‘at al-Riḍwān بَيْعَةُ الرِّضْوَانِ
“You are the best people on earth”
Ar-Raḥīq al-Makhtūm: the Prophet ﷺ sent ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Affān to Quraysh; he was delayed in Makkah and a rumour spread that he had been killed. The Prophet ﷺ then called the Companions to pledge under a tree. Jābir said they pledged not to run away (Muslim 1856); Salamah ibn al-Akwa‘ said they pledged “unto death” (al-Bukhari 4169) — both mean standing firm to the end.
۞لَّقَدۡ رَضِيَ ٱللَّهُ عَنِ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَ إِذۡ يُبَايِعُونَكَ تَحۡتَ ٱلشَّجَرَةِ فَعَلِمَ مَا فِي قُلُوبِهِمۡ فَأَنزَلَ ٱلسَّكِينَةَ عَلَيۡهِمۡ وَأَثَٰبَهُمۡ فَتۡحٗا قَرِيبٗا ١٨
Certainly was Allah pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to you, [O Muhammad], under the tree, and He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down tranquillity upon them and rewarded them with an imminent conquest.
Surat al-Fatḥ 48:18سورة الفتح: ١٨
عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا قَالَ: قَالَ لَنَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَوْمَ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ «أَنْتُمْ خَيْرُ أَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ». وَكُنَّا أَلْفًا وَأَرْبَعَمِائَةٍ، وَلَوْ كُنْتُ أُبْصِرُ الْيَوْمَ لَأَرَيْتُكُمْ مَكَانَ الشَّجَرَةِ ...
Jābir ibn ‘Abdillāh said: “The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to us on the day of al-Ḥudaybiyah: ‘You are the best people on earth.’ We were one thousand four hundred. If I could see today, I would show you the place of the tree.”
Sahih al-Bukhari 4154Sahih
‘Uthmān’s share هَذِهِ يَدُ عُثْمَانَ
“This is the hand of ‘Uthmān”
قَالَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ: ... وَأَمَّا تَغَيُّبُهُ عَنْ بَيْعَةِ الرُّضْوَانِ فَلَوْ كَانَ أَحَدٌ أَعَزَّ بِبَطْنِ مَكَّةَ مِنْ عُثْمَانَ لَبَعَثَهُ مَكَانَهُ فَبَعَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عُثْمَانَ وَكَانَتْ بَيْعَةُ الرُّضْوَانِ بَعْدَ مَا ذَهَبَ عُثْمَانُ إِلَى مَكَّةَ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِيَدِهِ الْيُمْنَى «هَذِهِ يَدُ عُثْمَانَ». فَضَرَبَ بِهَا عَلَى يَدِهِ، فَقَالَ «هَذِهِ لِعُثْمَانَ» ...
Ibn ‘Umar said: “…As for his [‘Uthmān’s] absence from the Pledge of al-Riḍwān: if anyone had been more respected in Makkah than ‘Uthmān, the Prophet ﷺ would have sent him instead. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent ‘Uthmān, and the Pledge of al-Riḍwān took place after ‘Uthmān had gone to Makkah. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said with his right hand [pointing to it]: ‘This is the hand of ‘Uthmān,’ and he struck it on his [other] hand and said: ‘This is for ‘Uthmān.’”
Sahih al-Bukhari 3698Sahih
‘Uthmān was away on the Prophet’s errand — so the Prophet ﷺ made the pledge for him with his own hand. What an honour!
The treaty كِتَابَةُ الصُّلْحِ
“Write: In Your name, O Allah”
عَنِ الْمِسْوَرِ وَمَرْوَانَ: ... فَجَاءَ سُهَيْلُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو فَقَالَ هَاتِ، اكْتُبْ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَكُمْ كِتَابًا، فَدَعَا النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْكَاتِبَ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ». قَالَ سُهَيْلٌ أَمَّا الرَّحْمَنُ فَوَاللَّهِ مَا أَدْرِي مَا هُوَ وَلَكِنِ اكْتُبْ بِاسْمِكَ اللَّهُمَّ. كَمَا كُنْتَ تَكْتُبُ. فَقَالَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ وَاللَّهِ لَا نَكْتُبُهَا إِلَّا بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ. فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «اكْتُبْ بِاسْمِكَ اللَّهُمَّ». ثُمَّ قَالَ «هَذَا مَا قَاضَى عَلَيْهِ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ». فَقَالَ سُهَيْلٌ وَاللَّهِ لَوْ كُنَّا نَعْلَمُ أَنَّكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ مَا صَدَدْنَاكَ عَنِ الْبَيْتِ وَلَا قَاتَلْنَاكَ، وَلَكِنِ اكْتُبْ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ. فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «وَاللَّهِ إِنِّي لَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ وَإِنْ كَذَّبْتُمُونِي. اكْتُبْ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ» ...
…Suhayl ibn ‘Amr came and said: ‘Come, write an agreement between us and you.’ The Prophet ﷺ called the scribe, and the Prophet ﷺ said: ‘In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Especially Merciful.’ Suhayl said: ‘As for “the Most Merciful” (al-Raḥmān), by Allah, I do not know what it is. Write “In Your name, O Allah,” as you used to write.’ The Muslims said: ‘By Allah, we will write nothing but “In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Especially Merciful”.’ The Prophet ﷺ said: ‘Write: In Your name, O Allah.’ Then he said: ‘This is what Muḥammad, the Messenger of Allah, has agreed to.’ Suhayl said: ‘By Allah, if we knew that you are the Messenger of Allah, we would not have stopped you from the House, nor fought you. Write: Muḥammad ibn ‘Abdillāh.’ The Prophet ﷺ said: ‘By Allah, I am the Messenger of Allah, even if you call me a liar. Write: Muḥammad ibn ‘Abdillāh.’
Sahih al-Bukhari 2731Sahih
The Prophet ﷺ accepted to leave out words — not because they were untrue, but to reach peace. This is his promise in action: “any plan in which they honour the sacred things of Allah”.
The terms شُرُوطُ الصُّلْحِ
The terms of the treaty
Peace for ten years
Tap to open
No fighting between the Muslims and Quraysh for ten years (Abū Dāwūd 2766).
Come back next year
Tap to open
The Muslims go home this year and perform ‘Umrah next year.
Return those who flee
Tap to open
A man from Quraysh who comes to the Muslims is returned (al-Bukhari 2731) — but not the other way round (Muslim 1784).
Free to make alliances
Tap to open
Any tribe may join the side of the Muslims or the side of Quraysh (Ar-Raḥīq al-Makhtūm, from Ibn Isḥāq).
Ten years: the length of the truce is in Sunan Abī Dāwūd (2766), graded ḥasan by al-Albānī; the other terms are in al-Bukhari 2731 and in Ar-Raḥīq al-Makhtūm.
عَنِ الْمِسْوَرِ وَمَرْوَانَ: ... فَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «عَلَى أَنْ تُخَلُّوا بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَ الْبَيْتِ فَنَطُوفَ بِهِ». فَقَالَ سُهَيْلٌ وَاللَّهِ لَا تَتَحَدَّثُ الْعَرَبُ أَنَّا أُخِذْنَا ضُغْطَةً وَلَكِنْ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْعَامِ الْمُقْبِلِ فَكَتَبَ. فَقَالَ سُهَيْلٌ وَعَلَى أَنَّهُ لَا يَأْتِيكَ مِنَّا رَجُلٌ، وَإِنْ كَانَ عَلَى دِينِكَ، إِلَّا رَدَدْتَهُ إِلَيْنَا. قَالَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ كَيْفَ يُرَدُّ إِلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَقَدْ جَاءَ مُسْلِمًا؟ ...
…The Prophet ﷺ said to him: ‘[We agree] on condition that you let us reach the House and go around it.’ Suhayl said: ‘By Allah, the Arabs must not say that we were forced; but that will be next year.’ So it was written. Suhayl said: ‘And on condition that no man comes to you from us — even if he follows your religion — without you returning him to us.’ The Muslims said: ‘Subḥān Allāh! How can he be returned to the idolaters when he has come as a Muslim?’
Sahih al-Bukhari 2731Sahih
Trust أَسْئِلَةُ عُمَرَ
“I am the Messenger of Allah — and He is my Helper”
Just then, Abū Jandal — Suhayl’s own son, a Muslim — escaped from Makkah and came shuffling in his chains, crying: “Am I to be returned to the idolaters?” By the treaty he had to go back. It was too much for ‘Umar (al-Bukhari 2731):
عَنِ الْمِسْوَرِ وَمَرْوَانَ: ... فَقَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ فَأَتَيْتُ نَبِيَّ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقُلْتُ أَلَسْتَ نَبِيَّ اللَّهِ حَقًّا قَالَ «بَلَى». قُلْتُ أَلَسْنَا عَلَى الْحَقِّ وَعَدُوُّنَا عَلَى الْبَاطِلِ قَالَ «بَلَى». قُلْتُ فَلِمَ نُعْطِي الدَّنِيَّةَ فِي دِينِنَا إِذًا قَالَ «إِنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، وَلَسْتُ أَعْصِيهِ وَهْوَ نَاصِرِي». قُلْتُ أَوَلَيْسَ كُنْتَ تُحَدِّثُنَا أَنَّا سَنَأْتِي الْبَيْتَ فَنَطُوفُ بِهِ قَالَ «بَلَى، فَأَخْبَرْتُكَ أَنَّا نَأْتِيهِ الْعَامَ». قَالَ قُلْتُ لَا. قَالَ «فَإِنَّكَ آتِيهِ وَمُطَّوِّفٌ بِهِ» ...
…‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb said: “I came to the Prophet of Allah ﷺ and said: ‘Are you not truly the Prophet of Allah?’ He said: ‘Yes.’ I said: ‘Are we not on the truth, and our enemy on falsehood?’ He said: ‘Yes.’ I said: ‘Then why should we accept humiliation in our religion?’ He said: ‘I am the Messenger of Allah; I do not disobey Him, and He is my Helper.’ I said: ‘Did you not tell us that we would come to the House and go around it?’ He said: ‘Yes — but did I tell you that we would come to it this year?’ I said: ‘No.’ He said: ‘Then you will come to it and go around it.’”
Sahih al-Bukhari 2731Sahih
Abū Jandal was not abandoned: soon he and other Muslims who escaped Makkah gathered on the coast, and Quraysh themselves begged the Prophet ﷺ to cancel this condition (end of al-Bukhari 2731).
Wise advice مَشُورَةُ أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ
Actions speak louder than words
عَنِ الْمِسْوَرِ وَمَرْوَانَ: ... فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ مِنْ قَضِيَّةِ الْكِتَابِ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِأَصْحَابِهِ «قُومُوا فَانْحَرُوا، ثُمَّ احْلِقُوا». قَالَ فَوَاللَّهِ مَا قَامَ مِنْهُمْ رَجُلٌ حَتَّى قَالَ ذَلِكَ ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ، فَلَمَّا لَمْ يَقُمْ مِنْهُمْ أَحَدٌ دَخَلَ عَلَى أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ، فَذَكَرَ لَهَا مَا لَقِيَ مِنَ النَّاسِ. فَقَالَتْ أُمُّ سَلَمَةَ يَا نَبِيَّ اللَّهِ، أَتُحِبُّ ذَلِكَ اخْرُجْ ثُمَّ لَا تُكَلِّمْ أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ كَلِمَةً حَتَّى تَنْحَرَ بُدْنَكَ، وَتَدْعُوَ حَالِقَكَ فَيَحْلِقَكَ. فَخَرَجَ فَلَمْ يُكَلِّمْ أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ، حَتَّى فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ نَحَرَ بُدْنَهُ، وَدَعَا حَالِقَهُ فَحَلَقَهُ. فَلَمَّا رَأَوْا ذَلِكَ، قَامُوا فَنَحَرُوا، وَجَعَلَ بَعْضُهُمْ يَحْلِقُ بَعْضًا، حَتَّى كَادَ بَعْضُهُمْ يَقْتُلُ بَعْضًا غَمًّا ...
…When he had finished writing the agreement, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to his Companions: ‘Get up, sacrifice [your animals], then shave [your heads].’ By Allah, not one of them stood up, though he said it three times. When none of them stood up, he went in to Umm Salamah and told her what he had met from the people. Umm Salamah said: ‘O Prophet of Allah, do you want this done? Go out, and do not say a word to any of them until you have sacrificed your camels and called your barber to shave your head.’ So he went out and did not speak to any of them until he had done that: he sacrificed his camels and called his barber, who shaved his head. When they saw that, they got up and sacrificed, and began shaving one another — so upset that they almost killed one another.
Sahih al-Bukhari 2731Sahih
The meaning فَتْحٌ مُبِينٌ
“Indeed, We have given you a clear victory”
قَالَ عُمَرُ: ... وَجِئْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَسَلَّمْتُ عَلَيْهِ فَقَالَ «لَقَدْ أُنْزِلَتْ عَلَيَّ اللَّيْلَةَ سُورَةٌ لَهِيَ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِمَّا طَلَعَتْ عَلَيْهِ الشَّمْسُ». ثُمَّ قَرَأَ ﴿إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحًا مُبِينًا﴾.
‘Umar said: “…I came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and greeted him, and he said: ‘Tonight a sūrah has been revealed to me that is dearer to me than everything the sun rises upon.’ Then he recited: ‘Indeed, We have given you a clear victory’ [al-Fatḥ 48:1].”
Sahih al-Bukhari 4177Sahih
1,400
Muslims at al-Ḥudaybiyah, 6 AH (al-Bukhari 4154).
10,000
Muslims marching to Makkah only two years later, 8 AH (al-Bukhari 4276). Peace let Islam spread.
Lessons دُرُوسٌ وَعِبَرٌ
What we learn
1
Honour Allah’s sacred things
He accepted a hard agreement to protect the sanctity of the Ḥaram and to stop war.
2
Obey even when it is hard
‘Umar learned: the Messenger of Allah ﷺ does not disobey Allah, and Allah is his Helper.
3
Lead by example
When words did not move the people, his action did — on Umm Salamah’s wise advice.
Review مُرَاجَعَةٌ
Quick quiz
Score: 0 / 4
1.Why did the Muslims go to Makkah in 6 AH?
Correct — “we have come to perform ‘Umrah”.
They came to perform ‘Umrah (al-Bukhari 2731).
2.About how many Companions gave the Pledge under the Tree?
Right (al-Bukhari 4154).
About 1,400.
3.What did the Prophet ﷺ do when the Companions did not get up to sacrifice?
Yes — and they all followed him.
He sacrificed and shaved first, and they followed.
4.What did Allah call the Treaty of al-Ḥudaybiyah?
Correct (al-Fatḥ 48:1).
“A clear victory” (al-Fatḥ 48:1).
A hard agreement that opened the door to Islam
ṣallā Allāhu ‘alayhi wa sallam ﷺ
NEXT · Chapter 24: Letters to the Kings and Khaybar · الرَّسَائِلُ إِلَى الْمُلُوكِ وَخَيْبَرُ